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Flow is a technique used to detect and measure physical and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles. A sample containing cells or particles is suspended in a fluid and injected into the flow cytometer instrument.

The sample is focused to ideally flow one cell at a time through a laser beam and the light scattered is characteristic to the cells and their components. Cells are often labeled with fluorescent markers so that light is first absorbed and then emitted in a band of wavelengths. Tens of thousands of cells can be quickly examined and the data gathered are processed by a computer. Flow cytometry is routinely used in basic research, clinical practice,. Uses for flow cytometry include: • • • Determining cell characteristics and function • Detecting • detection • detection • Diagnosis of health disorders such as A flow cytometry analyzer is an instrument that provides quantifiable data from a sample.

Other instruments using flow cytometry include cell sorters which physically separate and thereby purify cells of interest based on their optical properties. Schematic diagram of a flow cytometer, from sheath focusing to data acquisition.

Modern flow cytometers are able to analyze many thousand particles per second, in 'real time,' and, if configured as cell sorters, can actively separate and isolate particles with specified optical properties at similar rates. A flow cytometer is similar to a, except that, instead of producing an image of the cell, flow cytometry offers high-throughput, automated of specified optical parameters on a cell-by-cell basis. To analyze solid, a single-cell suspension must first be prepared. A flow cytometer has five main components: a flow cell, a measuring system, a detector, an amplification system, and a computer for analysis of the signals. The flow cell has a liquid stream (sheath fluid), which carries and aligns the cells so that they pass single file through the light beam for sensing. The measuring system commonly use measurement of impedance (or conductivity) and optical systems - lamps (, ); high-power water-cooled lasers (,, dye laser); low-power air-cooled lasers (argon (488 nm), red-HeNe (633 nm), green-HeNe, HeCd (UV)); (blue, green, red, violet) resulting in light signals. The detector and analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) system converts analog measurements of forward-scattered light (FSC) and side-scattered light (SSC) as well as dye-specific fluorescence signals into digital signals that can be processed by a computer.

The amplification system can be. The process of collecting data from samples using the flow cytometer is termed 'acquisition'.

Acquisition is mediated by a computer physically connected to the flow cytometer, and the software which handles the digital interface with the cytometer. The software is capable of adjusting parameters (e.g., voltage, compensation) for the sample being tested, and also assists in displaying initial sample information while acquiring sample data to ensure that parameters are set correctly.

Early flow cytometers were, in general, experimental devices, but technological advances have enabled widespread applications for use in a variety of both clinical and research purposes. Akt na unichtozhenie dokumentov s istekshim srokom hraneniya blank ukraina. Due to these developments, a considerable market for instrumentation, analysis software, as well as the reagents used in acquisition such as antibodies has developed. Modern instruments usually have multiple lasers and fluorescence detectors. The current record for a commercial instrument is ten lasers and 30 fluorescence detectors.